@article{oai:koeki.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000140,
 author = {遠山,  茂樹},
 issue = {8},
 journal = {東北公益文科大学総合研究論集 : forum21},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {論文(Article), The purpose of this article is to survey some aspects of forest administration in England in the twelfth century by examining some chronicles and charters. To consider this subject, this article will focus on three topics. The first is the issue on the savagery of the punishments of the forest laws. Some chronicles or assizes of the twelfth century mention execution, mutilation or confiscation of the forest offender's testicles as well as eyes. But the harshness of these penalties has been long exaggerated by many historians. The brutality of punishments was characteristic of the common laws as well as the forest laws. Forest offenders were in practice often fined, imprisoned, pardoned or outlawed. Second is the forest of Essex. Although it is not easy to ascertain the extent of the forest of Essex in the twelfth century, it could be conjectured that even in 1130 the forest extended as far as Langham, which lay on the Suffolk border in the northeast of Essex. It is true too that the Pipe Roll evidence for assarting presents a very patchy picture of the forest of Essex in the twelfth century. There is one date that can be verified. In 1204 the men of Essex purchased the disafforestation of the area north of Stanestreet for vast sums. The last topic is the forest administration under King Stephen. There is evidence of assarting in the Essex forest in Stephen's reign. Under Stephen, as under Henry I, the fact that nearly a dozen licences were granted for assarts in the Essex forests suggests an alert administration of forest laws in Essex. Moreover, Essex was by no means unique in the degree of attention paid to its forests. It could be said at the very least that Stephen was more vigorous in his implementation of forest laws than had previously been supposed.},
 pages = {33--73},
 title = {一二世紀イングランドにおける御料林行政 : 予備的考察},
 year = {2004}
}